Banna-ji Temple

Bannaji Temple, the head temple of the Dainichi sect of Shingon Buddhism, was established during the Kamakura period in 1197 by Ashikaga Yoshikane. Its mountain name is Kongō-san, and the principal image enshrined is Dainichi Nyorai, the guardian Buddha of the Genji and Ashikaga clans. Known affectionately as “Dainichi-sama” by local residents, the temple remains a symbol of religious, historical, and cultural significance in Ashikaga.

The temple grounds, spanning approximately 40,000 square meters, were originally the residence of the Ashikaga clan. Gates on all four sides, along with surrounding earthworks and moats, preserve the layout of a late Heian-period samurai mansion. In recognition of its historical value, Bannaji was designated a National Historic Site in March 1921 as the “Site of the Ashikaga Clan Residence” and is also listed among Japan’s Top 100 Castles.

The temple’s origins trace back to 1196, when Ashikaga Yoshikane received Buddhist precepts and constructed a private Buddha hall within his residence. After his death, his son Yoshiuji built a larger main hall, which was destroyed by lightning in 1229. The hall was later renovated by Ashikaga Sadauji, incorporating Zen-style architecture, marking one of the earliest examples of Zen-influenced design in Japan.

From the Kamakura through the Muromachi periods, Bannaji was gradually developed and received generous patronage as the family temple of the Ashikaga clan, supported by both the Muromachi shogunate and the Kamakura kubō (deputy of the Ashikaga shogunate).

Temple Buildings and Cultural Properties

Bannaji Temple is home to numerous historically significant buildings, many of which are designated as National, Prefectural, or City Cultural Properties.

Main Hall (National Treasure)

Originally built in 1197 by Ashikaga Yoshikane as a private Buddha hall, the Main Hall was later expanded by Yoshiuji but destroyed by fire in 1229. Rebuilt in 1299 by Ashikaga Sadauji, it was one of the first temples in Japan to adopt Zen-style architecture (zenshuyō), derived from contemporary Chinese temple designs.

The hall enshrines Dainichi Nyorai in Taizō-in (Womb Realm), the guardian Buddha for those born in the Monkey and Sheep years. The rear altar contains statues of Kōbō Daishi, Kōgyō Daishi, and the temple’s founder, Bannaji Shōnin (Ashikaga Yoshikane). Until the Meiji Restoration, the principal images of twelve subsidiary temples (tatchū) outside the moat were also housed here. The hall was designated a National Treasure in 2013.

Great Ginkgo Tree (Natural Monument)

A remarkable natural feature of the temple grounds, the 650-year-old ginkgo tree has a circumference of roughly 10 meters. Late November is the best time to view its spectacular golden foliage, which creates an overwhelming and majestic scene.

Issaikyo Hall (National Important Cultural Property)

Although founded by Ashikaga Yoshikane, the current structure dates to 1407, rebuilt by Ashikaga Mitsukane, the Kantō Kanrei (shogunal deputy). Inside is an octagonal revolving sutra library containing over 2,000 volumes of the Issaikyo (Obaku edition). The interior is usually closed to the public but can be visited during major events or on city cultural property open days, and group tours are available.

Tahōtō Pagoda (Prefectural Cultural Property)

Traditionally attributed to Ashikaga Yoshikane, the pagoda was rebuilt in 1692 by Keishō-in, mother of the fifth Tokugawa shogun. It enshrines Dainichi Nyorai of the Diamond Realm and Seishi Bosatsu, the guardian Buddha for people born in the Horse year. On the 23rd of each month, the hall opens to the public, offering visitors “seed coins”, believed to bring financial luck.

Tower Gate (Sanmon, Prefectural Cultural Property)

Rebuilt by Ashikaga Yoshiteru, the 13th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate, the gate features Nio guardian statues from the Momoyama period.

Fudō Hall (City-designated Cultural Property)

Founded in 1196 by Ashikaga Yoshikane and rebuilt in 1592, the Fudō Hall enshrines Fudō Myōō, a Heian-period sculpture brought from Naritasan, originally carved by Kōgyō Daishi.